A Traveler’s Guide to Gifts and Bribes

Financial Management Policy Professor: Ms. Gleason A Traveler's Guide to Gifts and Bribes Harvard Business Review Why might bribery become a problem for U. S. managers working in foreign countries? The FCPA was structured to help U. S. companies understand what bribery is, and what is or is not acceptable behavior at home and in other countries. The confusing issue is that even with this guidance, it is not always clear what exactly is to be considered a bribe. Under the Act, not all payments are deemed to be bribes. FCPA doesn’t forbid payments to lesser figures, it allows bribes to facilitate ongoing business activities, as there is no monetary guideline it requires companies to keep reasonable records of the transaction. Brides given to influence political decisions are banned and usually small payments that are designed to get a foreign official to perform a non-discretionary function. The distinction between the two is blurred. Confounding this is that many U. S. business people do not know what is permitted and what is not, as there is no clear guidance. As there is no clear guidance on what you can and can’t do working with foreign countries a lot of U. S. Managers could actually be offering bribes that should actually be banned. This creates no equal opportunity for everyone; the foreign company will go with whomever’s bribe seems to be greater. This will create a huge problem because this is where a lot of U. S. manger will cross the line just to win the business. What are the major features of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA)? The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) was enacted in 1977 and substantially revised in 1988. The FCPA generally prohibits corrupt payments to foreign officials. To complement this prohibition, the FCPA has accounting provisions that require maintenance of transparent and complete financial records. The Justice Department enforces the anti-bribery provisions, while the Securities and Exchange Commission has jurisdiction over the accounting requirements. The key provisions of the FCPA are as follows: (Hart, 2001)    * The FCPA prohibits payments (including promises to pay) of anything of value to nfluence, corruptly (with corrupt intent), the discretion of a foreign official to do something in violation of his or her official duty; to obtain, retain, or direct business; or to gain any improper advantage. * The FCPA prohibits indirect payments, as well. These provisions also apply to acts of a non-U. S. representative that is attributable to the U. S. party. * The FCPA exempts â€Å"facilitating† payments. These are usually small payments that are designed to get a for eign official to perform a non-discretionary function. The Justice Department can pursue criminal sanctions of up to $2 million per count for legal entities, with individuals facing fines of up to $250,000 per violation and imprisonment up to five years. Civil penalties may also apply at a rate of $10,000 per violation for an entity or individual. Additional fines by an SEC civil enforcement action may apply. * FCPA conviction can result in the party being debarred from U. S. government contracts, prevented from participating in the securities industry, and barred from loan programs of certain U. S. and international lenders. In addition, there may be tax ramifications. * Compliance should be reflected in international agreements. (It is not sufficient, however, to state in an agreement that the FCPA applies and is part of the agreement). * FCPA    require corporations to make and keep books and records that accurately and fairly reflect the transactions of the corporation and to devise and maintain an adequate system of internal accounting controls. Why might the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act create a competitive disadvantage for U. S. firms? Many believe that the FCPA has created a competitive disadvantage for the U. S. s, historically, both the Europeans and Japanese have and continue to use payments to key foreign officials as a promotional device to attract and win business contracts. The U. S. Justice Department has been lobbying the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development for greater international enforcement. When the U. S. stood completely alone in its legislative quest to curtail foreign bribery, the catastrophic scenario did not materialize. â€Å"As the Government Accountability Office (GAO) noted four years after the implementation of the FCPA in a study called the Impact of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act on U. S. Business; claims that U. S. companies have lost sales†¦are difficult, if not impossible, to substantiate and quantify† (Graham, 1984). Further, a paper published in the Journal of International Business used published data to test the competitive disadvantage theory and found that â€Å"the FCPA had not negatively affected the competitive position of American industry in the world marketplace† (Graham, 1984). Even then, when the American industry was the only one worldwide facing these kinds of restrictions, anti-bribery laws did not negatively impact their export performance or market share. In today’s world, several markets where such an act may exist may provide a competitive disadvantage include those of China, the Middle East, Africa, and other emerging markets. This is in part due to the lack of similar laws in these markets and tradition based business practices where bribery, gratitude, or gift given is a norm. â€Å"Unfortunately, in the context of China, this has the potential to place American companies in a position where they must decide between violating the FCPA and losing Chinese business† (Shira, 2010). Even though China does have written anti-bribery laws on the books; these laws are poorly enforced and are routinely violated by Chinese and foreign companies. The desire to increase a company’s competitiveness in the face of such adversity may be tempting. Despite criticism of it, FCPA has benefitted honest U. S. firms by reducing unfair competition among other American firms which comprise about 80 percent of the world’s true multinationals. Despite original reluctance, the current trend among nations appears to be to follow the U. S. ead in cracking down on corrupt dealings between firms and governments in international trade. In the spring of last year, the United Kingdom passed its own act, the Bribery Act of 2010. Describe the three non-Western traditions that can lead to confusion regarding â€Å"gifts† vs. â€Å"bribes. † Three non-Western traditions that can be cause for confusion are the inner circle, future favors, and the gift exchange. The inn er circle refers to the notion in â€Å"developing nations of classifying outsiders into some form of â€Å"ins† and â€Å"outs† (Fadiman, 1986). For example in the Middle East, Central and South American, as well as, African countries there is a tendency for the upper class to view itself as the â€Å"Elites† of the society and often times take the view that they are above the law (or certain laws do not apply to them). They retain the view that certain procedures are not applicable to them and are entitled to circumvent these via their stature, position, or personal connections. Future favors relates to the notion of relationships within the inner circle here it is â€Å"assumed that any individual under obligation to another has entered a relationship in which the first favor must be repaid in the future† (Fadiman, 1986). Again this can notion relates to many countries within the Middle East, as well as, Far East countries such as Japan, India, and Indonesia. Gift given relates to payoffs as a continuous exchange of gifts. â€Å"In many non-Western commercial circles, particularly Moslem and Asian countries, the tradition of gift giving has evolved into a modern business tool intended to create obligation as well as affection. Gift giving in these cultures may therefore operate in two dimensions: one meant to provide short-term pleasure; the other, long-range bonds† (Fadiman, 1986). Through personal observation, for example, company executives may be presented with an invitation to a traditional banquet. This not only is intended as an â€Å"ice breaker†, but also serves as a sense of pride on the part of the giver and may be viewed negatively if rejected. What are some suggestions for managers who want to give bribes without violating the FCPA? One suggestion I found interesting is based on an interpretation of facilitation given by Howard Sklar (2011): â€Å"When someone asks me whether a payment is a facilitation payment, I ask only one question: what are you trying to get? If what you’re trying to get is a decision, it’s a bribe. If you’re trying to get something you’re legally entitled to (processing an application, for example), it’s a facilitation payment†. However, even facilitation payments are considered bribes, for though one part of the FCPA exempts such payments the control and record keeping provisions do not. The fact of the matter is, that corporations should not be engaged in bribery, facilitation payments, or gift given but rather concentrate on the merits of their product or services. Any company that wishes to do so can attempt to hide these within discretionary funds. This not only would still be in violation of the law, but also in breach of their responsibility to their stakeholders. What is more important? I believe is the thorough understanding of your markets culture, language, and traditions. A better understanding of these provides a competitive advantage over others. While there may exist some gray areas here, for instance, paying a gratuity to low level government workers in some countries who rely on such payments as part of their salary. Reciprocating in kind to a gift based on cultural norms, the dollar value has to be taking into consideration. One has to consider what is minimal and what could be construed as excessive. As Fadiman (1986), describes in the case study, corporations should â€Å"device appropriate responses to pay-off requests†. One method that can be used as means to bypass such requests and also to promote good relations is to use a donation strategy. That is to appeal to the â€Å"national element† by offering to assist for example an orphanage, or provide local schools with supplies, or help built a hospital. References Fadiman, J. A. (July-august, 1986) A Travelers Guide to Gifts and Bribes Retrieved May 3, 2011 from Harvard Business Review, Graham, J. L (Winter, 1984) The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act: A New Perspective Retrieved May 3, 2011 from http://www. jstor. org/pss/154278 Hart, H. (July 31, 2001) Anti-Corruption Provisions of the U. S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Retrieved May 3, 2011 from http://www. hollandhart. com/articles/FCPA. pdf Shira, D. (October 14, 2010) U. S. Business, China and the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Retrieved May 4, 2011 from http://www. china-briefing. com/news/2010/10/14/u-s-business-china-and-the-foreign-corrupt-practices-act. htm Sklar, H. M. (February 07, 2011) On Facilitation Payments Retrieved May 5, 2011 from http://openairblog. wordpress. com/2011/02/07/on-facilitation-payments/

Discrimination Against South Africa Essay

South Africa is one of the African countries, which is rich in history and culture. Different racial and cultural groups ranging from Afrikaners to the Indians are staying together in South Africa. This paper analyzes the prejudices and discrimination against South Africa: the Coloured’s and the Black AfricansIntroduction†At least 77% of South Africans are Black Africans.†South Africa has a very diverse and rich cultural nature and therefore has no National Culture. There are several different ethnic groups out of them the most popular being: Zulus (South African Culture: How Prejudice and Discrimination Have Colored Culture) The South African governments were controlled by the white people till Nelson Mandela successfully led the agitations against them and dethroned their ruling and became the first elected president of South Africa in 1994. Till then the black South African people were victims of discrimination and prejudices even thought they were the largest c ommunity in South Africa. Coloured’s and the Black AfricansColoured’s are a mix of Black Africans and (British) Whites. They are so named because of the apartheid regime, as a way a labeling them; however, since then they have developed their own distinct culture. They reside mostly in the Northern and Western Cape. About 80% speak Afrikaans and 20% speak English. (South African Culture: How Prejudice and Discrimination Have Colored Culture) The colored people are a mixed race with its ancestors belongs to Europe, Indonesia, India, Madagascar, Malaya, Mozambique, and Mauritius like countries. The South African society were divided four main racial groups during the apartheid era; Blacks, Whites, Coloured’s and Indians. Based on the color of the people the political rights were also varied among these groups. The whites enjoyed supremacy in every field of life like political cultural and religious things. Even the people from the same religion experienced discrimination because of their skin color. Earlier the political rights of the coloreds were similar to that of the whites though their rights to earn income and property were limited by the law. Prejudices and DiscriminationPrejudice is the positive or negative evaluation of a social group and its members. It differs from stereotyping in that the emphasis with prejudice focuses more on emotional than cognitive factors.  Prejudice is largely an attitude. (Prejudice and discrimination) Historical, cultural, and socio-economic factors all contribute to prejudice. In South Africa, the minority white people controlled the entire process of ruling of the country. They have taken this right as granted to them till leader of African national Congress (ANC), Nelson Mandela successfully led the struggle which resulted in transition towards multi-racial democracy in South Africa. â€Å"The Khoi San were the true original indigenous people of South Africa. They were stripped of their right to call themselves Africans and were labeled colored. They were robbed of their land, culture, language, and identity. (Prejudice and Discrimination in South Africa) The local African community was excited when they heard the ending of apartheid. But as the time passes, they realized that nothing has changed for them. The white people were still kept a distance from them and they were failed to enjoy the human rights which the white people enjoys. Although many people are still working to end this discrimination, Black Africans don’t have their own history and identity even now. â€Å"Education and awareness are the only ways to end the struggles of the black Africans of South Africa. Although they have progressed much as a people, they still have a long way to go. As time passes their plight is sure to become better, just as African Americans lives have become better in this country since segregation ended. The Black Africans are a strong people and they will accomplish their goals in time as they unite and become stronger as a people.† (Prejudice and Discrimination in South Africa) Although apartheid has ended, conditions for Black Africans have not changed much. Many black Africans live way below the poverty line and many Afrikaners live above it, creating a division among them. Most of the wealth is accumulated among the white people. The black people are still weak economically, politically and culturally. It is easy for the white people to dominate in every aspects of human life in South Africa even now because of the above factors. In South Africa the infection and deaths from HIV/AIDS exceeds that in most  other countries. More over the HIV/AIDS problems found mostly among the black community which opened another door for discrimination. The white people were eagerly waiting for a genuine reason to keep the black people at a distance since in the present century; it is a shame for a civilized society to follow the racial discrimination. The HIV/AIDS problem provided them another opportunity to sustain the discrimination which was supposed to be ended once. Government inaction and certain dangerously mistaken beliefs and abusive practices concerning the protection from the disease are largely responsible for this line of discrimination. The illusions about the spreading of AIDS are deliberately spreaded by the white population to keep the black people away from them. ApartheidApartheid is a social policy or racial segregation involving political and economic and legal discrimination against people who are not Whites. (Definitions of apartheid on the Web) Apartheid separated all Europeans and other races living in South Africa. The African community has divided over the color of their skin during this period. â€Å"The system of racial segregation first promulgated by the largely Afrikaner National Party of South Africa in 1948. On a much larger scale was the allocation of 12% of the land area into ‘independent republics’, or ‘homelands’, for the African population, which comprised 69% of the population when the policy began, in 1954.† (Apartheid) The main aim of this apartheid policy was to tie up the Africans to their ‘homelands’ alone which will be governed and developed separately by the white’s government. The black people were allowed to enter the white premises only when the black labor was required. Public places or facilities such as lavatories, transport, parks, and theatres were divided into two groups: white and non-white. In 1990 South Africa’s last non-indigenous president lifted the ban on the ANC and released all political prisoners including Nelson Mandela. The Homelands system was abolished with the end of Apartheid and independent elections were held with equal voting right to all irrespective of the color which resulted in the making of Mandela as the first president of South Africa after the apartheid ended. ConclusionSouth Africa can be considered as the latest country which escaped  from the social evil of different class system based on the color (apartheid). The South African society consists of people from different parts of the world. But all of them treated differently by white led government. The white people in South Africa considered themselves as â€Å"privileged people†. Nelson Mandela is supposed to be the leader who led the struggle against the racial dominance of the white people. Even now, though the apartheid is ended, the white people still keeping the black people away citing different reasons like HIV/AIDS. References1. South African Culture: How Prejudice and Discrimination Have Colored Culture,Retrieved on March 21, 2009 from http://allpoetry.com/column/show/21910702. Prejudice and Discrimination in South Africa, Retrieved on March 21, 2009 fromhttp://www.freeonlineresearchpapers.com/prejudice-south-africa3. Prejudice and Discrimination, Retrieved on March 21, 2009 fromhttp://www.psypress.com/pip/resources/slp/topic.asp?chapter=ch21&topic=ch21-sc-034. Definitions of apartheid on the Web Retrieved on March 21, 2009 fromhttp://www.google.com/search?hl=en&defl=en&q=define:apartheid&ei=ZRnFSZbqKYKHkQXKpZXEDA&sa=X&oi=glossary_definition&ct=title5. Apartheid, Retrieved on March 21, 2009 from http://www.answers.com/topic/apartheid

Summary junk food

Why Do Americans Eat a Lot of Fast Food? Alaa A1-Marhoon American Language and Culture Program University of Idaho Mark Bittman, in his 2011 article, â€Å"Is Junk Food Really Cheaper? † says that American people think fast food is cheaper than real food and they use this point to explain why so many of them are overweight. However, he believes that's not true because junk food is actually more expensive than real food. The average cost of a fast food meal is around $12 per person. On the other hand, home cooked meals might cost round $10 per four people.Some people say the fast food could be cheaper if it is weighted by the calorie, but that also isn't a way to price the food according to Bittman because the home cooked meal could have more calories by adding natural sources (paras. 1-3). Money isn't a guide for what people eat, either. As Bittman states even poor people could have real food with a small amount of money. The author mentions, the time isn't either because the people who drive to fast food restaurants ould drive to any supermarket to buy their stuff to cook, but the fact is some people are lazy and they don't want to cook.Also, some people don't accept others' advice to cook at home (paras. 5-7). The author believes that eating fast food isn't Just related to money and time, but it gets people addicted to eating it, which make it harder to stop because the fast food industry mix chemicals with it. Bittman explains those chemicals make the taste of fast food and people addicted to having them. A study in 009 showed that eating a lot of fast food affects the brain.Also, the fast food industry leads people to eat fast food more and more because that makes people feel pleasure when they eat it (paras. 8-10). Bittman confirms there are five fast food restaurants tor each supermarket in the United S t s All those supermarkets increase the fresh food price by 40% and decrease soda and manufactured food by 30% to increase their restaurant benefit s. On the other hand, those supermarkets have done that to force people to eat fast food projects (Para. ).To have better lives, Bittman advises people to change their eating habits. Making this change will require to work both culture and political. People have already done this before to change the tobacco settlement limited in 1998. Certainly, this change will not be something hard to make. People will alone have to work together.

Teaching Exceptional Children Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Teaching Exceptional Children - Research Paper Example The concept of ‘exceptional children’ refers to children who exhibit exceptional qualities which are drastically different, in any way, from that of regular children in the same age group. Such children are either far below or above average and hence, the type of education provided to them, must be different than what is provided to regular children. It is only through the right approach to education, that the learning abilities / disabilities of such children can be dealt with in an appropriate manner. The term exceptional children refer to those children whose physical attributes or learning abilities differ greatly from regular children. It includes children who have learning disabilities as well as those with exceptionally developed learning abilities; children with physical impairment; behavioral problems; as well as children who are intellectually gifted and talented (Education.com, 2010). The learning styles of such children, hence is drastically different from regular children. The notion of ‘one size fits all’ does not hold any relevance, especially in the field of education, since the level of knowledge of every child depends on various factors such as: Children when enrolled in school differ in terms of knowledge they possess. Certain children come with very little knowledge and / or support from their parents while others come with a level of knowledge which far exceeds their age and experience (Tomlinson, 1999). According to Caine & Caine (1990) there can be a difference of up to five years, in terms of maturation between ‘average’ children. Such gap is even wider in case of children with exceptional learning needs. The deprivation of exceptional children from a healthy environment causes an adverse impact on the development of their mental and cognitive abilities such as the ability to memorize, focus, concentration, discrimination etc. among others. The manner in which we think and

Outline and assess Foucault's critique of modernity Essay - 1

Outline and assess Foucault's critique of modernity - Essay Example Finally, the third section will be devoted to Foucaultian critique of institutional basis of modernity and the disciplinary character of its rationality. It will be argued that, while Foucault denounced various aspects of modernity, he did not attempt to idealise pre-modern thought/institutions, and remained unsure about social project alternative to modernity, thus contributing to similar indecisiveness among the following post-modernist thinkers. 1. Foucault’s Archaeology of Knowledge: A Critique of Rationalist Objectivity The modern account of knowledge was premised upon the representationalist epistemology founded by Descartes. Rejecting previous assumptions on the nature and purposes of human knowledge, Descartes posited that knowledge is derived from accurate determination of correspondence of certain representations with the actual objects of external world, a correspondence that can in principle be verified by constructing certain methodological arguments (Gutting, 199 9, p. 116). Later modern thinkers basically followed this Cartesian epistemology, assuming that representations under consideration are derived from some innate properties of human mind and reality. Foucault based his epistemological critique of modern philosophy on the thorough deconstruction of Cartesian notions of knowledge. He affirms the historically specific character of knowledge, as opposed to ahistorical Cartesian account of epistemological procedures, assuming that development of structures of human knowledge is governed by alterations in episteme, i.e. ‘total set of relations that unite... the discursive practices that give rise to epistemological figures, sciences, and possibly formalised systems’ (Foucault, 2002a, p. 211). Foucault believes that the development of distinctively modern episteme was caused by shift from the Renaissance view of knowledge as system of resemblances that was predicated upon the clarification of interrelation between various objec ts of surrounding world and men’s place in it, to analytical and interpretational forms of cognition (Carrette, 2000, pp. 15-16). The latter were based not on ‘the sudden and illuminating discovery that all thought is thought’ but on ‘constantly renewed interrogation’ of ‘the forms of non-thinking’ that leads to the reduction of empirical world to some universal and transcendental dialectics (Foucault, 2002b, p. 353). Foucault surmises that universalistic assumptions of modernity’s epistemology are invalidated by the discursive and ultimately relative nature of knowledge as such, for, in his view, the structures of knowledge depend on the character of discourse as practice that brings about the very object that are spoken of (Mahon, 1992, p. 11). Here, one may find that Foucault maintains that the discursive nature of language and knowledge practices does not allow for some objective, universal discourse, and therefore that modern ity’s pretences for formulating a transparent methodology of knowledge are unfounded. 2. Foucault on Subject: The Rejection of A Priori Subjectivity The modernity’s view on subject is generally predicated upon the idea of its universality and humanist character, which means that ‘

What were the main lessons from the Falklands for joint capability, Essay

What were the main lessons from the Falklands for joint capability, and were they successfully incorporated into defence policy during the 1980s - Essay Example Specifically, the superpowers – the Soviet Union and the United States – displayed keen interest and the war and subsequently used the lessons from this experience in order to realign their own military strategy, doctrine, logistics and weapons system. The Falkland War had, in the days after its end, would be fundamental in the reform of the whole spectrum of conventional war during the modern times. There are several schools that posit the importance of the conflict. For military reformers, the Falkland underscored the need for inexpensive and even less expensive ships. On the other hand, the traditionalists argue in favor of an increase funding for more supercarriers – high-technology ships that would strengthen the capability command and control. Out of all the differences in this debate, however, there lies the fact that discourse is already focused on the value of amphibious war capability to gain advantage in armed conflict. Alexander and Bartlett observed: Indeed, the Falklands War seemed to revalidate all components of naval warfare. Even before the Royal Marines stormed ashore near San Carlos, thoughtful observers had begun to reappraise the utility of naval armed suasion.2 This reference to contemporary analysis can be read from the newspaper column of George Will in the Washington Post in April 25, 1982. He expressed the following statement in regard to the then on-going war further south: This is the moment to explode the belief that the use of naval forces for political objectives – gunboat diplomacy is the preferred epithet – is an anachronism. And it is time for renewed appreciation of the role of naval forces in the US – Soviet balance.3 To further illustrate the British victory during the Falkland War, the British military situation prior to the conflict would be outlined. Then, a brief account of the conflict would be provided. After this, an investigation on the impact of the

To what extent was Nationalism in Africa and Asia in the Early Essay

To what extent was Nationalism in Africa and Asia in the Early Twentieth Century a Mass Movement - Essay Example We will try to focus on this question and try to give the answer to this question further on. The following path of nationalism can be traced: it expanded from the Middle East and started in west Asia and finally it reached North Africa. The main goal of Arab nationalism was to reduce the influence of the western states on their countries. Arabs united their ideas under a common concept "Pan-Arabism". Arab nationalism expanded into a mass movement though initially it was formed by a small number of individuals. We can claim that different regions experienced different complexities and challenges in the process of mass movements of nationalism. The author is focused on the Southern African urban history of Malawi. There was a serious impact of settler colonialism. As a result of Blantyre failure, this region was subjected to the external oppression caused in the process of industrialization. Different African colonies developed a proper reaction to the process of colonization. There a re numerous responses and different reactions to the processes of post-colonization period in the African colonies. Colonialism brought an end to the slavery in Europe. Certainly this great social and political change resulted in expansion of poor people who had a chance to change their lives. Colonialism brought peace to some African areas. ... Asians were oppressed in the region but later Africans were discriminated too. The Africans did not have an opportunity to purchase land. There was an essential decrease of wages and in some occupations there were lower levels of wages increase. During the period between the end of the Second World War and the transition of political power in I964, Blantyre's population increased greatly. Even in 1957 the city's inhabitants lived under conditions of a severe poverty. They could not even buy food for themselves. African businessmen were mainly focused on supporting their stable economic positions. There were two great events following the period of 1953-1962 years: the workers initiated their own movement and they tried to fight for their rights. It was a period of a social turmoil. Only regime of Dr. Banda signifies a progressive development of the region. Unfortunately, trade unions were too weak and people showed ineffective struggle for their independence. The workers in Blantyre had an opportunity to promote their interests after they were inspired by Dr Banda. Another study is devoted to Syria. Political movements, social and economic changes in the life of this country are taken into account by the author of the study. A great interest of the historians to this country has been shown starting from 1960s. As a rule, development of Syria has been considered in terms of a cultural context. There were dependent ties in Syria, such as vertical and parochial connections (McCracken). The author further claims: "Not until the management had backed down by agreeing to the appointment of a Tribunal of Inquiry did the strikers come together in a mass meeting as members of the union. And

A Socio-Psychology Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A Socio-Psychology Study - Essay Example Choosing people with the same overall qualities such as those mentioned will lower the chances of external causes of stress or fatigue causing emotional or irrational behavior. Interviews with potential participants in the study will help determine these characteristics and rule out people with cause for emotional reactions. In addition to the interviews, potential participants will need to be offered an informed consent document. This document will detail the ideas of the study, explain any potential risks to participating in the study, and assure the privacy and protection of participants' information. Additionally, potential participants will be encouraged to be completely honest regarding their personal lives; an inaccurate answer regarding issues, such as stress and sleeping patterns, can not only skew the results of the study but also place these participants at risk during the study. Once the list of participants has been finalized, a study of their normal behavior and reactions will need to be conducted. This portion of the study will involve analyzing their reactions to various things such as news, familial situations, job stress, and other problems that sometimes arise during daily life. Creating a controlled environment that limits the level of outside influence on emotions will prove to be the most difficult part of performing such a study. Additionally, participants must be told or shown situations that are real to them; natural reactions may not be had if the participants do not believe the situations they are being shown or cannot relate to these situations. During this time, each participant will be given a recommended level of restful sleep. Monitors can also be used to measure things not verbally or visually seen, such as heart rate, breathing, and swea--similar to the machines used by police departments during lie-detector tests. Additionally, the group of participants will be placed together to enable social interaction during the study. They will be introduced to each other under the pretenses of a social setting. During this meeting, activities and features that promote social mingling, such as board games, card games, and refreshments will be offered. Once participants are able to overcome the awkward introduction phase of social interaction, researchers can begin to study their reactions to each other in a social setting. This portion of the study will need to be performed for an extended time period; participants must interact with each other long enough to get to know the other participants in a variety of ways, including long enough for possible pet peeves to arise and cause reactions. After being satisfied with the level of analysis and an understanding of the behavioral patterns and reactions of each participant, the study group will be deprived of several hours of restful sleep over an extended period of time. This will ensure that their fatigue levels are high but not outside of safety levels for normal functioning. At this point, the study will be carried out in the same manner as before; this time watching for signs of emotional reactions, behaviors, and decisions. To minimize the chances of coincidence,

Factors and criteria of choice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Factors and criteria of choice - Essay Example It has happened in 14 years that the mobile phone giant Nokia is not toping the annual cell phone sales chart, whereas it is Samsung which has replaced Nokia and has become the world’s number one mobile phone selling brand in the world (LAM). The technology advances on everyday basis. New features are added everyday in mobile phones to make them more attractive. The total revenue generate annually by the mobile company is $100 billion. However the profitably of the mobile phones companies depend on their ability to develop more innovative product, with offering higher quality and affordability to the consumers. This research paper highlights the features that the mobile phones need, in order to maintain their present and future position in the mobile phone market. Explanation The advancements in technology have helped in the development of several significant and useful features in the mobile phones. These features provided by the mobile phone companies’ help in deciding that which phones will occupy the market share. The mobile phone tour guide present in some of the phones help people in finding a place. This can be a useful feature for tourist who visits other places. This phone technology is more appropriate than the paper guide. Near field communication technology allows the mobile phone to connect to other wireless device present at some distance and transfer data, which ranges from pictures and songs to payment and other important information. Phones embedded with NFC chips can be used as electronic identity cards or debit cards. The phones with NFC chips can be quite effective in futures. The NFC devices manufactures must work in collaboration with VISA to come up with technology that would make life easier for customers. Mobiles programmed to allow users to download different application are the one that users prefer the most. These application may consist of Skype which allow users to make call to other people having Skype application in their phones, present anywhere in the world. The phones supporting downloadable application also support large amount of data as the size of the application can be as large as 550 KB (Sen). Camera is the key factor that costumers consider while purchasing a mobile phone. Phone with the ability of capturing pictures; occupy almost 40 percent of the market share. However the camera feature of mobile phone is not enough for customers. They want camera with high definition and several other features that are present in advance digital cameras. The mobile market is now saturated with camera phones, people nowadays prefer to have a picture capturing device in their pockets. The other significant feature that people prefer in camera phones include 3G network. This advance form of network s upport the highly advance feature of mobile phones providing more storage to the customers. The 3G networks not only allow the users to captures memorable moments but it also allow users to share it with their family and friends. Other important characteristics of the 3G networks includes the transmission of data at 38 K bps, improving image quality up to 330,000 pixels and it allows the internal storage of mobile phone to grow so that the users can save a dozen photos at a single time (Garside and Arthur). The major complaints that are faced by the telephone companies are mostly related

Study of Religion Learning Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Study of Religion Learning Journal - Essay Example In my own opinion, I don’t think it’s possible for a person to suspend his or her own background, socialization and beliefs just because they are studying religious data. This is because sometimes, whether people are aware or not, sometimes it’s likely for their subconscious to sway them towards a particular direction even if they want to think and belief they are unbiased. Although sometimes there may be a possibility of persons thought being in line with the issue at hand, it happens to be a very rare occurrence. My opinion is strengthened after reviewing the behavior of individuals who are covered in Randall Studstill Journal of eliade, Phenomenology and the Sacred, which mainly looks at those who were after presenting religion as being false (Amstrong, 2004). Phenomenology refers to the internal structures of consciousness. As the author suggests, the relationship between people to a sacred being will be based upon the person’s existential condition, t he qualities of the sacred being he believes in, his openness to the environment around him and the mediation of experience through specific religious symbols. On this perspective therefore, scholars and religious learners will not be left out and although they may focus on proving that there is no God, they may be still connected to a particular sacred being which will affect their interpretation of religious data (Cox, 2010). Eliade looks at religion as a concept that engages the sacred and the supernatural. According to him, the reductionist theories are not sensible and this makes him refer to the timeless forms of ideas which are present in all parts of the world without a regard to their history. According to the author, there is causal relationship between the most basic elements of the human condition and their basic experiences. Since our religious attitudes arise out of our knowledge of the universe, even religious scholars will respond to situations in accordance with the ir knowledge of the universe, which is defined by their socialization, background and beliefs. Even though scholars who are atheists may not identify themselves to God, they certainly have a religious symbol within which they identify themselves with and that defines their interpretation of the society and the universal problems that face humility. Humanity will always identify them with a particular religious symbol which helps them to have a better inner interpretation of the environment around them and to appreciate the mysteries of nature. Separating oneself from your background, socialization and beliefs when interpreting religion is therefore impossible, since through their religious symbols, they become part of a normal society (Studstill, 2000). 2. Newer Anthropologies Related To Culture: Clifford Geertz and Evans-Pritchard According to Geetz, religion is simply a system of symbols which acts towards establishing powerful and pervasive motivations and moods in men that are l ong lasting. Religion is able to achieve this through formulating and redefining conceptions with factuality, which makes the moods and motivations to appear realistic (Asad, 1993). According to Geetz, the concept of a symbol is critical because it aids in knowing the essence of religion. On this note, he defines a symbol as an act, event, quality or relation whose purpose is to give meanings, and therefore results to systems of symbols that lie outside a particular being. Pritchard and Geertz bring out a religious theory that resolves on religious beliefs as being subject to a person’

Long-Term Financial Options Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Long- Financial Options - Term Paper Example A safe investment is one, which offers reasonable protection against the risk of capital loss. Success in minimizing investment risks really depends on you, your temperament, and the approach you decide to adopt towards investment matters. Two other ways to minimize investment risks and ensure greater safety are diversification and liquidity. The principle of diversification is best stated in the oft-quoted maxim: never put all your eggs in one basket. Spread your money over a number of widely different assets; buy real state, shares, debentures, government securities, silver paintings or whatever else you consider to be an attractive investment. Diversify geographical in-law does to concentrate all your investments in one city, state or region of the country. On the stock market, diversification can be achieved by buying shares in a number of companies, manufacturing different products, operating in different lines of business, belonging to different business houses and catering to different markets. Diversification has the additional advantage of protecting you against your own prejudices and errors of judgemen1It also enables you to hedge your bets, reduce your potential losses, and provides you with an-built insurance against unforeseen dangers and pitfalls. However, despite many points in its favor, diversification does not provide a satisfactory answer to many investment problems. In the final analysis, diversification is nothing more than average investing. It helps you to get average, or close to average, returns-nothing more, nothing less. Diversification is of little use to you, if you aim to beat market averages and get high returns. For that, you will have to deploy your investments in potentially high-return assets and investment media. Moreover, excessive diversification greatly enhances the problem of investment management and control. The more diversified your investments, the greater will be the problems you face in exercising effective managerial control over them. Therefore, as in risk versus return, the successful investor has to balance the advantages and disadvantages of diversification as against concentration.

Sex Difference in Evolutionary Psychology Essay Example for Free

Sex Difference in Evolutionary Psychology Essay Disclosing human behaviour has initiated study and research from a capacious range of disciplines, effectuating varied perspectives on human behaviour. Essentialist or social constructionist perspective has been considered by psychologists to examine the origin of sex differences (Anselmi Law, 1998). Essentialism articulates that sex differences commence from inducements that are intrinsic in human beings, and present itself as an alternative meta-theory to conventional sociology. The discrepancy in sex differences across social contexts is considered by social constructionist view-point, understood by the interpretation of the sexes amidst specific contexts. Highly contrasting theories emanate when apprehending factors responsible for human sex-linked behaviour, thus making it strenuous to critic the factors that essentially manipulate and manage behaviour (Jureidini Poole 2000). Hence, the current essay provides a cogent explanatory framework for understanding the causation of sex differences, anchored primarily from evolutionary psychology, with criticisms reported against its concepts on sex differences. Sexuality is sexual behaviour, epitomized as the inherent behavioural predispositions, augmenting the probability of passing genes into future progeny (Buss, 1989). Human mate selection has generated a substantial degree of research, instilling a pronounce degree of sexual differentiation between the characteristics that men and women desire in potential mates (Buss, 1989; Buss Barnes, 1986). The division of labour (Durkheim, 1964) observed men inclined to be stereotyped and envisaged as bread winners, with the role of child carers and nurturers stereotyped as women, patriarchy acknowledged as the custom with aggressive nature expected from men, and nurturing and passive nature expected from women (Jureidini Poole, 2001). Males endeavoured to reproduce and desired the need to be paternal, and have evolved high risk high stakes game strategy to attract mates (Miller, 2000). Women are impulsively attracted to males with the ability to protect and provide for her and her children (Zajdow, 2002). Buss’s (Buss et al., 1990) remarkable cross- cultural study found that males are inclined to yield mates with physical attractiveness and youth, while women desire mates with more financial power. Evolutionary psychologists, however, have dedicated little attention to the synergy between the social and cultural environment quality. Social structural perspectives theorize the motive of mate selection mirror peoples effort to make the most of their utilities with respect to mating choices. Marriage is typified as functioning between utility-amplifying women and men to reach stability with economic exchanges (Becker, 1976), implying that differences in mate selection are accountable due to lucid economic arrangements than from the perspective of inherited predispositions (Tattersall, 1998). Eagly and Wood (1999), criticizing the evolutionary perspective, concluded that mate preferences are shaped by the society in which we live today, and conflicting assignment of role portrayed due to sexual division of labor. Potential accounts for these unlike views include the circumstance of each psychologist. Buss, a male evolutionary psychologist, grew up with an influential background in beliefs that behaviour is a result of how one adapts to their environment. Eagly and Wood elucidate the results contradictorily possibly because they are both females who credit strongly in equality for all, and therefore observe the differences in preferences as a consequence of the principles of today’s society; a key example being the preferred age of females at marriage, affected by a more career-oriented female than in earlier times. The concept that sexuality is learned is notably provided by sociologists. Studies amid animal primates exhibit abnormal sexual behaviour upon segregation of young apes from monitoring sexual behaviour. Subsequently, the affected ape will acquire sexual behaviour to relatively normal level upon remedial socialisation (the ability to inspect sexuality of other) (Jureidini Poole 2001). In cultures such as the ‘Mehinaku’ of Brazil, the men engage in limited sexual activity due to the conception of sexual activity as disgusting (Gregor, 1985). Sociologists have discovered that attractive features vary across cultures (Jureidini Poole 2002). Deviations from the Darwinian Theory have been observed in modern western culture, with the contemporary media depicting thin and lean body types of women body structures as appealing (Vida 1996). Gender differences in aggression are eminently variable. From an evolutionary  viewpoint, aggression can be suitable in a number of situations, for animals (Archer, 1988), and human beings (Buss Shackelford, 1997). The utility of aggression was to assign individuals over their accessible home range so as to secure the most advantageous utilization of a region and its nutrients (Lorenz, 1966). Such a functional perspective on aggression has been abdicated, with modern consensus that neither humans nor other animals are furnished with the aggressive instinct, and contemplated to be context-dependent (Buss Shackelford, 1997). With variations in society, the occurrence of aggression between males and females may alter. Increased use of direct and physical means of aggression among girls, have shown to occur in the last decade (Huesmann et al. 1998). One probable account is, perplexingly, the progress of the dignity of women in society. Human memory evolved because it enhanced fitness in specific environments of evolutionary adaptedness (Tooby Cosmides, 1992), receptive to subject relevant to evolutionary ï ¬ tness. Words reckoned for survival relevance in scenarios were subsequently retained at notably higher rates than words rated for relevance in a range of control scenario conditions (Nairne Pandeirada, 2008). Sex differences in spatial abilities may possibly have an evolutionary basis, with suggested that the division of labor consistently detected in hunter-gatherer societies may have led to remarkable foraging-related cognitive specializations of the sexes (Sherry et al, 1992; Silverman Eals, 1992). Men typically surpass women on tasks considered to be related to hunting skills (e.g., navigation), while women typically show a lead on tasks requiring memory for objects accumulated in fixed locales (Voyer et al., 2007). Males are inclined to excel in tests of mathematical reasoning than females (Kimura, 19 99). Although mathematical abilities may not have primary selective demands in the evolutionary past, that ability may be a by-product of spatial ability (Geary, 1996). The current essay explained certain concepts of sex differences chiefly from the perception of evolutionary psychology. Some limitations exposed in some arguments, for example the inference on aggressive behaviour in modern times cannot be satisfactory annotated by social constructionist views, while evolutionary views are more credible. As social beings, our surroundings and  cultures will play a crucial role when flourishing our identity, whether this affects us biologically when evolving. Hence it is vital to incur comprehensions from many perspectives and deem the supremacy of evolution, the quagmire of social constructions and the impact of environment when determining sex differences in human beings.

Tnt Is The Market Leader Marketing Essay

Tnt Is The Market Leader Marketing Essay Introduction TNT is the market leader in the provision of business-to-business (B2B) express delivery services. It delivers documents, parcels and freight securely between businesses, using road or air transport. Ken Thomas founded TNT in Australia in 1946 with a single truck. It became Thomas Nationwide Transport (TNT) in 1958 and TNT Express Services UK in 1978. Today TNT is a global company and serves customers in over 200 countries around the world, employing 10,000 people in the UK. TNT has two operating divisions in the UK. As a global company, TNT seeks to project a consistent image across the world. For example, it uses the global strapline Sure we can on all its vehicles, aircraft and communications material. Back ground TNT N.V. was an international express and mail delivery services company with headquarters in Hoofddorp, Netherlands. In the Netherlands, TNT operated the national postal service under the name TNT Post. The group also offered postal services in eight other European countries, including the UK, Germany, Italy and Belgium. TNTs mail division recorded sales of about â‚ ¬4.2 billion in 2009. The companys demerged express delivery services division, known as TNT Express, has fully owned operations in 65 countries and delivers documents, parcels and pieces of freight to over 200 countries. TNT Express recorded sales of about â‚ ¬7.2 billion in 2011. On 2 August 2010, TNT M.V. announced its intention to split up into two independent companies, an express and a mail company. TNT sold its logistics unit in 2006 to focus on network activities, mail and express delivery services. TNTs networks were concentrated in Europe and Asia, but the group also had operations in the Middle East and South America, and several road freight companies in China, India and Brazil. TNT employed 155,000 people. Over 2009, TNT reported â‚ ¬10.4 billion in revenues and an operating income of â‚ ¬648 million. TNT was officially quoted on the Euronext Amsterdam Stock Exchange unit May 2011. Its major competitors included FedEx, DHL, and national post carriers such as US Postal Service and Royal Mail. TNTs last chief executive officer was Peter Bakker. Other members of the Board of Management included Bernard Bot (Chief Financial Officer), Marie- Christine Lombard (Group Managing Director, Express) and Harry Koorstra (Group Managing Director, Mail). Mission, aims and objectives TNT is the fastest and most reliable provider of express delivery services and is the European market leader. Organizations do not become market leaders by chance. It takes vision, careful planning, outstanding quality and a committed, highly trained staff. This organization-wide planning is known as business strategy. Organizations identify the goals that they want to achieve through: a mission aims clearly stated objectives. Mission A business mission is a statement that reflects its core purpose and principle business aims. It states what the business is, what it does and where it is heading. Employees and other stakeholders who have an interest in the organizations activities need to be able to understand the mission easily. TNTs mission is to: Exceed customers expectations in the transfer of their goods and documents around the world, Deliver value to our customers by providing the most reliable and efficient solutions through delivery networks, Seek to lead the industry by instilling pride in our people, creating value for our stakeholders and sharing responsibility around the world. Aims and objectives The aims supporting this mission focus on efficiently transferring goods and documents, providing customer satisfaction and behaving responsibly. To achieve these aims the organization needs to establish objectives at a number of levels. SMART objectives are designed to ensure that everyone understands what is required and by when. They make it easy to measure performance so that the business knows if and when its aims have been achieved. Where necessary, it can change its plans to overcome any problems or obstacles. Specific exactly what is to happen Measurable by quantity or proportion Achievable capable of being achieved within available resources Relevant to the overall business or corporate objectives Time-related with a deadline attached Measurable objectives cover every aspect of TNTs operations and service. The top-level objective is to achieve profitable growth. Examples of SMART objectives across the business that contribute to this include: Answer 85% of calls from customers within ten seconds. This objective fits with the mission to provide the most reliable and efficient solutions for customers. TNTs customer focus is one of the key ways in which it aims to differentiate itself from competitors. To improve TNTs carbon efficiency by 45% by 2020 (measured against the 2007 baseline). This example of a longer-term objective reflects TNTs aim to reduce the environmental impact of its business. Building a strategy Business strategies are the means by which businesses achieve objectives. They usually take the form of long-term plans relating to the chosen markets, products and environment. A competitive strategy can be based on: having a distinctive position in the market. TNTs market position is based on differentiating itself from rivals through its speed, reliability and provision of services of the highest standard. building core strengths (known as core competencies). TNTs strengths are based on attracting and developing high-caliber staff who are able to exceed customer expectations so that customers remain loyal to the business. TNTs strategies need to take into account a number of important areas. These include: what goods and services to produce, e.g. an integrated delivery service which territories will deliver best return on investment. TNTs international operations focus on key trading areas of Europe, Asia, North America and South America. how to build a competitive advantage, e.g. by providing the most reliable, customer-focused services. Tactics Businesses deliver their strategies through a series of tactics. TNTs practical measures are set out under three main headings Operational Excellence, Customer Relationship Management and Innovation. The map describes the journey that TNT is taking towards achieving the long-term aims. For example: The map shows that Operational Excellence will be achieved through a solid foundation of fast, reliable and quality services. From there, the Customer Relationship is improved by understanding what different customers want. This builds a stronger allegiance and loyalty. Innovation is about anticipating the future needs of TNT customers. Through stronger relationships the business can develop a joint approach and shared vision. TNT segments its customers according to their requirements. For example, some customers provide the company with one off requests. Others are major accounts regularly placing large orders. TNT responds to the needs of each of these customer groups in different ways and hopes for loyalty in return. The market is highly competitive and it is more cost-effective to keep repeat business than to generate new customers. Strategic direction and strategic gaps TNT has high-quality people working within the organization in many different roles. These range from the front-line distribution of parcels and documents to accounts, sales and marketing functions. However, in places, TNT may require additional skills to bridge the gap between its existing human resources and those required to implement the strategy fully. This is referred to as a strategic gap. By developing its people, TNT ensures that it will have the capability to meet and implement quickly any necessary changes in its strategy. TNT is committed to minimizing the environmental effects of its operations and conducting its business in a sustainable way. For example, it recognized the value the business could gain from making drivers more aware of methods of driving which would improve safety and efficiency. Drivers are therefore trained in SAFED (safe and fuel- efficient driving) techniques, earning certificates of competence. Conclusion Creating and delivering an effective business strategy involves: having clear aims and objectives building a competitive advantage by developing core competences Identifying gaps and seeking to close these through development of resources. TNT demonstrates good practice in each of these areas. The company has clear business aims and objectives that are time-related. It focuses on developing competitive advantage through its strategies for customers, innovation and its people. TNT ensures that the people working for the business have adequate opportunities to grow. It meets any gaps in the ability of the workforce to deliver its strategy by training and developing its existing people. This retains their skills and offers attractive career opportunities to recruit new talent. Recommendation TNT should start a new service to pick goods from customer place that will give a competitive advantage over competitors. More sub offices should be open for the ease of customers and for better communication within company. On delivery of goods at destination confirmation message service should be started via e-mail or messaging. Questions What kinds of data can TNT use to build a phylogenetic tree? What is the growth rate of TNT in 20th century? How does TNT become world widely recognized company? What is the company position in the market?

Disadvantages To Primary Nursing Environment Nursing Essay

Disadvantages To Primary Nursing Environment Nursing Essay Primary Nursing is a concept that emphasises on patient centred care. This model of care delivery will help Mr Grant to take control of and be responsible for his health. It also provides continuity of care by having only one nurse providing complete care for Mr Grant. Effective coordination between members of the health care team such as physiotherapy, social worker and the primary nurse will help towards achieving a rapid recovery for Mr Grant. The primary nurse is able to see the progression of Mr Grant health compared to other nurses who occasionally care for him. Primary nursing empowers the primary nurse who knows Mr Grant better to decide how to provide care and educate Mr Grant on the steps to recovery. However the nurse may also lack skills to provide holistic care for a patient with complex needs. Tingle (1992) claims that some nurses can find it hard to develop a close relationship with patients. Another major problem associated with practising primary nursing is psycholo gical distress; the nurse may feel isolated particularly when their patient is dying. The nurse also sometimes might push themselves too hard causing them to be overstressed and fatigue increasing the risk of negligence (Melchoir et al.1999, p.89-90). Client Assessment Discuss the importance of performing and documenting a thorough nursing assessment at the commencement of your care of John. (150-200 words) A thorough nursing assessment at the commencement of care enables the nurse to identify actual and potential problems of Mr Grant (Fawcett Rhynas 2012). Nursing assessment provides a baseline so that the nurse can identify changes in Mr Grants condition and alerts the nurse to deviation from normal expected values (Fawcett Rhynas 2012). According to Funnell, Koutoukidis and Lawrence (2009), the information gathered during the nursing assessment will help the nurse to guide a plan of care for Mr Grant and address the patients specific needs. Mr Grant has a slightly high blood pressure, high respiratory rate and shortness of breath which are signs and symptoms of respiratory distress and hypoxia therefore he should be monitored closely to avoid deterioration of his health status (Funnell, Koutoukidis Lawrence 2009). Due to his restless behaviour and confused state, Mr Grant is at risk of a potential fall as he is trying to get out of bed. Moreover, Mr Grant has an indwelling cathete r and a chest tube drainage which could be possibly dislodged when trying to get out of bed. Complex Nursing Care John has an arterial line insitu. Discuss the reasons for insertion, nursing management of the device and potential problems a client may experience. (150-200 words) According to Kaur (2006), an arterial line insitu will monitor Mr Grants blood pressure directly, continuously, and accurately. Mr Grants oxygenation and ventilation can be assessed by measuring arterial blood gas through the arterial line insitu (Perry Potter, 2010). Measurement of the arterial blood gas provides valuable information in assessing and managing Mr Grants respiratory and metabolic disturbances (Perry Potter, 2010). Automatic blood pressure monitoring can cause severe bruising for patient taking anticoagulant, arterial monitoring can be used to monitor Mr Grants blood pressure (Kaur 2006). At the beginning of each shift, the nurse has to check the patients BP, from the opposite arm to avoid interrupting the arterial pressure readings, using a sphygmomanometer for comparison (Kaur 2006). Aseptic technique should be maintained when handling the arterial line. The nurse has to check that all the connections are tight and that the pressure bag is at 300 mm Hg at all times t o keep the system patent (Kaur 2006). Only flushing solution should be injected or infused in the arterial line, if there is an air bubble in the line the air bubble should be withdrawn with a syringe before flushing to prevent air embolism as explained by Perry and Potter (2010) . The insertion site should be monitored for bleeding and signs and symptoms of infection, including erythema, warmth, tenderness, oedema, and purulent discharge (Kaur 2006). Arterial line insitu is invasive, this type of BP monitoring raises Mr Grants risk of a bloodstream infection and haemorrhage, which can occur very quickly if the line becomes disconnected (Kaur 2006). An arterial line also limits the patients mobility. Monitoring the patient closely could avoid potential problems such as haemorrhage from accidental catheter disconnection or loose connections, thrombus formation, air embolism, local obstruction with resultant ischemia, and infection (Kaur 2006). At night, John becomes tired. He is treated with CPAP while he sleeps. Discuss this mode of ventilation. In your answer, you must include the reasons for use on a fatigued patient, how it works at cellular level, and the nursing management of a patient on CPAP ventilation.(150-200 words) Continuous positive airway pressure is a self ventilating form of positive and expiratory pressure (Woodrow P, 2012). The continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) keeps the terminal airways, alveoli, partially inflated, reducing the risk for actelectasis (Perry Potter, 2010). During exhalation, the continuous positive airway pressure machine continues to blow air to keep the airway open and also pushes the exhale air and carbon dioxide out through holes in the mask (Perry Potter, 2010). The application of a continuous flow of gas to the airway creates a positive pressure which makes it easier for Mr Grant to breathe in. The positive pressure maintained at the end of expiration by the positive end expiratory pressure valve prevents alveolar collapse and improves lung compliance (Perry Potter, 2010). The patient does require as much effort is to inflate the alveoli. Hence reduces respiratory effort or work of breathing, and oxygen consumption and helps to reduce work of breathing in respiratory fatigued patients (Marshall Pittard 1998). The nurse needs to continuously assess the patient as there is always the potential for their condition to deteriorate. CPAP has the potential to cause gastric distension by forcing air down the oesophagus which may lead to vomiting and puts the patient at significant risk for aspiration. According to Marshall Pittard (1998) continuous monitoring of the patients respiratory status and arterial blood gases is important for the early detection of worsening respiratory failure. Respiratory assessment should include monitoring the patients rate, depth, quality and pattern of respiration as well as inspection, palpation, percussion and auscultation of the chest (Marshall Pittard 1998). Regular assessment of blood pressure, heart rate, peripheral perfusion and urine output will provide the nurse with important information about the adequacy of circulation and assessment of patients haemodynamic status (National Heart Lung and Blood Institute 2011). The nurse should provide full explanation of the circuit and constant reassurance; this can significantly reduce anxiety and improve patient compliance with the therapy. Patient education is fundamental to the success of CPAP (National Heart Lung and Blood Institute 2011) John has an intercostal catheter insitu. What is the purpose of an inter-costal catheter and why is it on underwater seal drainage? Discuss the nursing assessment and management of this device during client treatment. (150-200 words) Mr Grant has sustained severe trauma to the chest in the MCA, which could have caused a collection of air in the pleural space and an accumulation of blood and fluid in the pleural cavity. Intercostal Catheter Insitu is used for chest trauma to remove air and fluid (Perry Potter, 2010). Perry Potter (2010) explains that the underwater seal drainage device acts as a one-way drainage device allowing drainage out of the pleural space, but preventing air from entering or re-entering the pleural space when the patient breathes in. An underwater seal drainage bottle can give some visual clues about the progress of a pneumothorax which indicates decrease of bubbling and swinging in the underwater seal drainage bottle (Briggs 2010). The nurse should monitor the appearance of the drainage and document this at least once a shift. The chest tube drainage appearance and output may need to be documented more frequently than once a shift in cases where the patient has a large amount of drainage or if the nurse suspects that Mr Grant is having an unexpected amount of drainage (Sullivan 2008). Briggs (2010) outlines that all chest tubes should be routinely monitored for the presence of an air leak should be documented in the patient record and reported during hand over. Regular pain assessments are required to maintain adequate analgesic relief from the discomfort and pain caused by chest drains (Crisp Taylor 2009). The chest drain should always he kept blow the level of the patients chest to prevent back flow of fluid in to the pleural space. If the drain needs to be raised above the patients chest, when moving the patient in bed, the tube can be kinked to prevent back flow (Sullivan 2008). Chest dressings should be assessed every day for oozing and signs of inflammation and changed if oozing is present. Inflammation should be monitored and if worsening a swab should be sent for analysis as stated by Sullivan (2008). The drain tubing should never be secured to the patients b edding or clothing, as sudden movements by the patient could cause the drain to become dislodged, allowing air to enter the pleural cavity (Crisp Taylor 2009). It is also important to encourage the patient to mobilise; this can be in the form of deep breathing for bed-bound patients, or short walks and raising arms in the more active patient (Perry Potter, 2010). The movement will help with fluid and air drainage. Evidence based practice When administering S/C heparin, some nurses swab the area with an alcohol swab before injecting and some nurses do not. What Evidence of Best Practice (EBP) can you find that supports or does not support swabbing skin with alcohol preparation before a subcutaneous injection. In your answer, you must include journal references. (150-200 words) According to Cocoman and Murray (2007), swabbing the injection site with a saturated 70% alcohol swab for 30 seconds and allowing to dry for 30 seconds is essential in order to reduce the number of pathogens. However, recent evidence demonstrated that in instances where the skin was not disinfected before injection, no single case of local or systemic infection was observed. Research supports that skin preparation before injection should be administered when giving injections to particular patients as stated by Gittens and Bunnell (2009). These include older patients, those who are ill, or those who are immunocompromised, as it has been shown that certain groups in society are at greater risk of developing infection (Gittens Bunnell 2009). Certain bacteria on the skin have a low potential to cause infection if the immunity of the patient is not impaired or compromised as researched by Gittens Bunnell (2009). In conclusion, my research on evidence based practice on swabbing the skin shows that the use of alcohol swabs is not necessary before a subcutaneous injection. However to ensure the site is not contaminated, it is extremely important to adhere to thorough hand hygiene. If using an alcohol preparation, it is important to wait thirty seconds to reduce the incidence of stinging and inoculation of bacteria at the site. Critical Thinking John has been prescribed six medications. Discuss the reasons he may have been prescribed these medications based on his presenting complaint. Should John be prescribed a sedation for his restless behaviour? Why/why not? (150-200 words) Metoclopramide According to Tiziani (2010, p.208-209), Mr Grant was prescribed metoclopramide control nausea and vomiting. To reduce the side effects of nausea and vomiting as most of the medications that have been prescribed for him will cause this adverse reaction. Metoclopramide will also help with aspiration due to the CPAP. Ceftriaxone Mr Grant is coughing up green sputum which indicates an infection in the lungs. Ceftriaxone is used as a broad spectrum antibiotic to treat respiratory tract infection which Mr Grant might have (Tiziani 2010, p. 100) Paracetamol Mr Grant has sustained two fractures to the right ankle and right clavicle which will cause severe pain. Hence paracetamol has been prescribed for pain relief (Tiziani 2010, p. 11). This medication will also help to reduce the high temperature of Mr Grant. Phenytoin Mr Grant incurred a head injury in the motor vehicle accident. Phenytoin is used after severe head trauma and prevents the spread of seizure activity across the motor cortex (Tiziani, p. 222). Irbersartan Tiziani (2010, p. 265) states that this medication is prescribed for patients with mild to moderate blood pressure. In this scenario, Irbersartan is used to treat Mr Grants high blood pressure of 159/90 and he also had an unstable blood pressure in ICU. Clexane This medication will help to dissolve clots formed as a result of damage to the head, chest and abdomen in the impact of the motor vehicle accident. Since he is having a lot of respiratory problem it could also indicate a possibility of pulmonary embolism and this is why clexane has been prescribed. Yes, John should be prescribed a sedation to help him settle down. CPAP is very invasive and therefore this will help him to have a restless sleep. A sedation will help to decrease his respiratory rate. Reflective Thinking Johns path to recovery will be a process of physical and emotional challenges. Discuss the physical and emotional needs that John may need when being discharged from hospital. (150-200 words) When discharged from hospital, Mr Grant recovery will be challenged by physical and emotional needs. Mr Grant lost his wife in the car accident and he was under the influence of alcohol. This might severely impact his self esteem as he might hold himself responsible for the car accident. Moreover, grief might have a potential impact on Mr Grants physical social, cognitive, emotional behavioural and spiritual aspects of his everyday life. Mr Grant has sustained multiple injuries and this will severely impact on his ability to do run his everyday life. This can cause emotional and psychological distress as he was an active person. The primary nurse has to work in collaboration with the social worker, occupational therapist, physiotherapist and psychiatrist to develop a discharge plan which will address the physical and emotional needs of Mr Grant. Mr Grant was driving under the influence of alcohol when he had the motor vehicle accident, referring Mr Grant to clinicians with specialist s skills in alcohol and follow up monitoring and care coordination will be help towards his recovery. Involve the church community to support him with his spiritual needs and also include the family in the discharge planning. Mission/ Value Statements Healthcare facilities define their mission statement/values/philosophy. This statement underpins their code of practice. Select a statement/mission/philosophy of one Australian hospital and discuss how their code of practice may be reflective of John and his familys personal and social belief system. (150-200 words) As Mr Grant was actively involved in the Local Catholic church and regularly attended mass. I chose St Vincent Private values and care statement as it is a catholic hospital and it will be beneficial for Mr Grant due to his religious faith. St Vincent Private (2012) values are Compassion, Justice, Integrity and excellence. Compassion is a vital aspect of good nursing care. It involves the nurse developing a rapport with Mr Grant and providing holistic care. St Vincent values that, nurses showing compassion plays a major role in providing dignified care to patients. Compassionate care will enable Mr Grant to remain independent and retain his dignity. St Vincent hospital aim to make sure that nurses are available to render care and that Mr Grant is aware that quality care is available to them. Care will be given according to Mr Grants needs. Integrity is about being truthful to the patient and about the care he is receiving. It is also about providing the right care according to Mr Gra nts personal and social belief. Excellence is dedicated to provide outstanding care and customer service to Mr Grant and his family. St Vincent embodies the drive to perfect their competencies and enhance the quality, timeliness, and cost-effectiveness of their care. Being in a catholic hospital Mr Grant will be able to receive pastoral care and attend mass regularly depending on his health condition. Mr Grant lost his wife in the car accident and confession can help him to deal with grief.

A Greatly Troubled System - School :: essays research papers

The formal education system used in today’s schools is greatly troubled indeed. We are oblivious to the hundreds of thousands of students oppressed by tyranny that encapsulates our schooling system. From homework and grades to the progression of school; schools need changes. This system stands waiting, while the talents of many young men and women are exposed to a backward system with hypocritical framework. One of the many examples is the policy of homework. It seems that this tends to be abused to give students mere busy work, while students in their free time should be relaxing, and doing activities they enjoy. Yet another flaw among the many, is the grading methods used today. Afterall, a letter or percentile could never fully represent a human being’s interpretations, with many positive and negative sides and emotions. These "judgements† tend to cause for great stress and are in effective. Finally the last point to be stated in this essay (seeing as if all the points were stated this would turn into a novel and not an essay) is the matter of the pace of school and specialization in courses. Courses should be more varied and options given as well as changing the pace and time of school. Plain and simple; a more flexible form of education would prove to benefit everyone. With greater specialization, the learning process can become quicker, more efficient and less tedious. In the following paragraphs the points stated above will be further stressed. The concept of homework in our formal education is wide spread propaganda. This highly unconstitutional form of schooling tends to be more busy work under the much repeated cover of ‘reinforcing subjects learned.’ This disguise has flailed for years but the truth shall soon be found. Homework crowds the free time of students; free time that should be used to do other productive activities. Homework causes much stress to students which leads to the deterioration of interest in learning and eventually all hatred of anything school related. As Mark Twain so beautifully put it, "Don’t let your schooling interfere with your education.† This quote referring to the fact that experience in life can be gained outside of school in great abundance and proves the production of a much better education than that of sitting in a class-room scribbling characters onto paper. With a slightly longer and more efficient school day, time could be optimized and homework could be abolished in its entirety. A true balance of work and play could be formed leading to a bounteous and supreme education. The formal education system could be incredibly more productive and beneficial if our system of merit was modified.

The Lieutenant in Othello Essay -- Othello essays

The Lieutenant in Othello  Ã‚        Ã‚   Iago, in the Bard’s tragedy Othello, detests in an irrational way the very person of Cassio. Does Michael Cassio deserve the governorship of the island of Cyprus? What is his relationship with Bianca? Let’s look at these and other questions relating to the lieutenant in this essay.    David Bevington in William Shakespeare: Four Tragedies concludes that it is the â€Å"daily beauty† in the life of the lieutenant which underlies the destructive behavior of the antagonist:    The â€Å"daily beauty† in Cassio’s life makes Iago feel â€Å"ugly† by comparison (5.1.19-20), engendering in Iago a profound sense of lack of worth from which he can temporarily find relief only by reducing Othello and others to his own miserable condition. He is adept at provoking self-hatred in others because he suffers from it himself. (223)    Blanche Coles in Shakespeare’s Four Giants comments on the character of Cassio:    In a casual reading of Othello, it may seem that the character of Cassio is not sufficiently well drawn, because, for reasons connected with his portrayal of Iago, Shakespeare delays the full characterization of Cassio until almost the end of the play. However, we have a number of brief revelations of his personality that mark him distinctly – in his genuine anxiety for Othello’s safety, in his abstaining from taking part in the bold and suggestive comments of Iago to the two women as they wait for Othello’s ship and, a little later, in his sincere regret about the loss of his reputation after he has partaken of the wine which Iago has forced upon him. (85-86)    Cassio makes his first appearance in the play in Act 1 Scene 2, when he is conducting the official business of the... ...– another emotional revelation for Michael Cassio. Finally, the ultimate emotional blow to the ex-officer comes when Othello stabs himself and dies: â€Å"This did I fear, but thought he had no weapon; / For he was great of heart.†    As â€Å"lord governor† of the island of Cyprus now, Michael Cassio has charge of the â€Å"censure of this hellish villain, / The time, the place, the torture.† Lodovico appeals to Cassio to let his justice, not his mercy prevail: â€Å"O, enforce it!†    WORKS CITED    Bevington, David, ed. William Shakespeare: Four Tragedies. New York: Bantam Books, 1980.    Coles, Blanche. Shakespeare’s Four Giants. Rindge, New Hampshire: Richard Smith Publisher, 1957.    Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.

Antony’s Speech and the Rhetoric Used

Vengeance is a powerful. Caesar’s slaying by Brutus sets Antony in motion to deceive his murderers into allowing him to speak to Rome. In his speech to the Romans, Antony turns Rome against Brutus using repetition to convey the irony in his own speech and discredit Brutus, as well as, applying meter to add emphasis to the mutiny, and contrast Brutus’s speech allowing him to connect with his countrymen. Repetition is used powerfully throughout Antony’s speech to convey a multitude of thoughts, however, the repetition particularly lends to the irony of the piece. †¦let me not stir you up / To such a sudden flood of mutiny. † (188-189) is a prime example of the irony in his address. His intent from the beginning is to lead a revolt against Brutus and Caesar’s other murderers, the fact that he actually states he does not want to create a mutiny while stirring up these very same people to revolt is very ironic. Antony uses an ironic repetition to adv ance his efforts for a mutiny in the discrediting of Brutus. Before Antony takes the stage to talk to Rome, Brutus has just given a very lively speech and the Romans are partial to him.It is then necessary for Antony to use dramatic irony to deceive his countrymen that he believes that â€Å"†¦Brutus is an honourable man;† (61). When Antony first describes Brutus as honourable the audience agrees it is only after the fourth time he says this that the whole crowd realize the irony behind what he is saying.. Antony uses this irony to discredit Brutus’s honour and sway the Romans to join in a mutiny against Brutus. The meter in Antony’s speech is also a very key part in adding emphasis to the mutiny he wishes to instill in the Romans.Most lines have ten syllables however there are several lines with only nine syllables to add affect. Not only do these sentences have less syllables in common but also they end with ambition. For example â€Å"Yet Brutus says he was ambitious;† (72) the lost syllables place is taken by a pause that allows the Roman and the reader to reflect on the repeated word ambition. This pause allows the Antony to inflict the thought that it was not Caesar that was ambitious but Brutus instead. This meter allows Antony to incite the doubt of Brutus in the minds of Antony’s countrymen and incite them to revolt.Interestingly enough the meter in Antony’s speech also serves as a contrast to Brutus’s who spoke in prose. Antony is a nobleman as is Brutus and throughout the whole play the only part where their dialogue is not written in meter of some sort is when Brutus addresses his countrymen. Antony however speaks as if he is addressing another noble conveying the message that he sees them as equals to him, and that while Brutus speaks down to their level, Antony lifts them up to his equal. This allows him to then sympathize with his countrymen and relate to them so that it is easier to coax the m to mutiny.

Comparing two fictional novels

Telling the difference amongst both metaphoral romances is a impartial task scarce finding a simile within them both is a hard thing to do, or so you may think. When I think of the equation of the twain novels, which I need to pick, in that respect argon many withstands In which I have read before but n i as interesting as what I am ab divulge to share. sensation of the books is girl of the Sea, Hannah by Kathy Lacks. The other champion Is The fall by Thomas E. Singsongs. let us look at the differences in the midst of the twain novels In the next paragraph.One of the differences Is the ponderousness of the book and the size of the spoken communication. The novel Daughter of the Sea, Hannah Is obviously for smaller kids around louver to ten to read as the words are huge and the thickness of the book Is kind of thin. Meanwhile The Fallen Is squeezed with slender little words and Is bounded in concert In a thick stack. A teenager akin me would read one of this. The re are even more(prenominal) differences than these. The plot of Daughter of the sea, Hannah revolves around an divest girl as she gradually finds fall come forward more near herself as she grows up.She is non like a normal world being but actually something else The Fallen is a novel about a teenage boy having odd events occurrent around him when he later finds out that he is actually the son of a fallen angel. These both novels have not tho polar kinds of themes but besides assorted kinds of sentence structures. As you manage that the novel Daughter of the Sea, Hannah is one for the sink grades to read, it ordain definitely be alter with simple sentences such as whatever the creature was, it looked free, utterly free. And Hannah could not quite believe it. These sentences are simple to throw overboard the lower grades to understand the novel better. While, the novel The Fallen as sentences like As intolerable as the voices had become, the sudden deficiency of them was equally extreme. and The door began to slowly free-spoken with the high-pitched whine that Tom had been sour to put oil to since the summer, and three manpower entered on a powerful bang of wind. rotter you see the differences mingled with them right off? Now, lets move on to the similarities of these two novels.So what acts these two books so different yet so similar? One of it is the plot of these two books. In both stories, the main role is put into hard positions where they have to make decisions that might change theyre lives forever. Not only that, both main characters meet parvenue people on their quest and alike fall in love. I did not notice they were that similar until I authentically thought about It. When you read a novel, you do not usually analyse the characters with others from another novel.But I noticed that between these two books, both the mall characters are orphans and both have kind, caring and powerful characteristics. Whereas for the villain, has a strange, cruel and twisted personality. both good novel needs a good ending sentence. Daughter of the Sea, Hannah concludes Its story with l am not entirely There Is a world out there. While The Fallen concludes Its novel with By touch he found what was needed, a twelve-Inch blade that glinted sharply In the beams of sun that streamed in through openings In the boarded-up windows. The number 1 word that came into my mind was confidence. Why? Because they introduce me that they what. Something really interesting about the similarities about these two books is that the authors of these two books had me thinking and reflecting to myself. I thought If I were to make an in-chief(postnominal) decision in the future, volition I choose the right one? Can I be as unanimous as them if it goes wrong? Or will I Just snap like a twig and break peck? I bed see what the authors of these two books was trying to show us and I felt what they wanted me to feel. Its amazing ho w different these books are and yet how similar they can be. May they be from different genres, for different age groups and with different plots. There will always be a similarity between any two fiction books of any kind. When you compare and contrast two very different books, using you creative thinker and a little bit of you literary productions knowledge, you will be able to differentiate the similarities as soon as a strike of lightning.

Details About HRM

As human beings resourcefulness anxiety is touch with the mass dimension in organic law, at first, we should know organization in detail. make-ups atomic number 18 human associations in which both or more tidy sum adjudicate to strike a common aspiration or set of goals. In other word, organizations are established by the race and for the people. It consists of people working together finished interrelationships and interactions. Organizations are created to chance upon different goals. To discover goals it should run various activities. Therefore an organization must consist of a structure, which defines jobs and relationships.In organization, different levels and variability of jobs are be to achieve specialization by division of labours. Organization design and job descriptions are the part of organisational structure, which limit the behaviour of the members in organizations. Organizations depend on people to make them operate. An organization is nothing w ithout resources. If we lease the employees from the organization, there is nothing but a pile raw material, machines, and physical commodities. Organization consists of the combination of different resources, among which human resource is the superior.But how did these people come to be employees in the organizations How were they found and selected? Why do they come to work on a regular basis? Hoe do they know what to do on their jobs? How does anxiety know if the employees are performing adequately? It they are not, what can be do about it? Answers of these questions lie in the character of human resource negociatement. But forwards we attempt to understand how and organization should manage its human resources, we need to answer the generic question, what is management?Management is the process of expeditiously getting work activities completed with and through with(predicate) other people. An organization consists of goals and limited resources. To achieve goals, differe nt activities are to be done. As there is limited resources, to get activities completed, the resources should be allocated properly. Simply, management is the act of allocating scare resources to achieve goals and getting required activities completed with and through other people. The management process includes the planning, organizing, booster cable and controlling activities that take place to strain bjectives. Managing people in an organization is human resource management. Since every organization is do up of people, acquiring their services, developing their skills, actuate them to high levels of performance and ensuring that they continue to contain their commitment to the organization are requirement to achieving organizational objectives. This is true regardless of the caseful of organization-government, business, education, health or social organizational objectives.This is true regardless of the type of organization-government, business, education, health or soc ial welfare. Organizational metier depends largely on the performance of people working in organizations. Management concerned to increase in performance of human resources is human resource management. It aims at achieving organizational goals through improvements in the productive parting of people. It is concerned with philosophy, principles and practices related to human aspects of management. It keeps relief between the goals of organization and the goals of the individual.

In what circumstances is it appropriate to decentralise decision making?

Decentralisation of decision making is the process of involving different people in an organization in making key significant changes whether these changes are policy based or otherwise, different levels of senior management are involved and their expertise and own opinion is sought before any changes are enacted. There are 2 public key decisions making methods in an organisation, namely centralized and decentralized, In the latter, only the top management is involved in making key changes and decisions which negative affect the whole organization.This system is advantageous in that, it is faster, reliable wired and less tasking. While it is still used in great majority of organizaions, most organizations are shifting to the decentralised scientific method and therefore are involving different levels of management in the important decision making process.They rely to make decisions and provide same direction for the company.Thirdly, decentralised decision making process is ideal whereby, primary key decisions are being made at departmental levels such as in production department. Empowering departmental heads to make key decisions perhaps pertaining to the purchasing of crucial dry ingredients as well as other technical areas late may require a decentralised decision making model. PAGE 2: Organisational culture empty can present difficulties for management initiated change programmes? connect Discuss Organisational culture refers to the employee – employer international relations which shape how the two parties interact and intermingle at the work place.Also, organisational culture can be shaped by, former employee backgrounds, external factors as well as the level of support accorded to the employees by the political organization staff.Each time a one-voice coverage is required, e.

On the other hand an organization culture which is negative leads to new customers shunning away so that, any well meant educational programmes will be fail to take better off since, negative publicity which the employees can advance in the process of interacting with the different stake holders also what does have a bearing on the outcome of the projects. Lastly, organizational culture determines total output in workers in that, a negative general attitude amongst employees is more likely to lead to new low output in that, it is highly correlated with time low morale and therefore productivity.PAGE 3: Discuss why managerial authority is so important to our understanding of organisations and technological how this power has to be legitimised logical not just by individual workers but by the international organisations culture. Failure to appreciate managerial authority stems original form a negative culture which in stead of pestering a mutual understanding between skilled work ers and employers causes tensions and such misunderstandings in an organization.in fiscal reporting, agility early may not be suitable.To achieve the above, management should work towards having logical and inculcating in the organization, the right culture. This best can be achieved (if it is lacking), through the launching of strategic plans which could incorporate vision logical and mission statements, core values of the organization as well as the social responsibility statement of the organization. All the above are necessary in ensuring that, the organization functions in the right environment whereby the special needs of all members in the organization are taken great care of and employees feel free and as a part of the organization. This in turn direct result into a culture of unity and strength.Dynamic changes in financial resources and organisational objectives , along with the firm environment, geometric mean a static structure is suitable.

The classical organisation is linked with bureaucracy.Organizations and other people having different opinions on a particular small business choice best can struggle.The operation of the HR professional needs to close parallel the requirements of their organization that is shifting.In the procedure, you ought to be going for foreseeable future growth and ensuring.

Further empirical analysis is necessary Considering that the little effect of management reforms like these may take first time to unfold.There are six significant elements that moral ought to be aligned by the communication departments as a means.Gathering information could possibly be a issue for little logical and midsize businesses (SMEs), not just for financial or personnel reasons, but also because SMEs armed might not understand what theyd like to find worn out or they dont have sufficient time good for detailed analysis.Folks at every level in the business could have some autonomy.